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In 1872 Robert Angus Smith, the first British air pollution inspector, coined the phrase 'acid rain' when he found sulphuric acid in the rain around Manchester. It took a further 100 years for it to be linked with damage to the environment. But the latest research suggests that factors other than acid rain, such as changing patterns of land use and the action of ozone in the presence of sunlight, may be more damaging. This video looks at the research.
30 minutes. PAL VHS tape
Cost: £29.50 + p & p + VAT
The following programmes are available in PAL and NTSC VHS tape formats or in NTSC Laser disc format for use in dual standard Laser disc players. The Laser discs are accompanied by booklets of bar codes to enable selection of whole programmes. An educational discount is available for UK educational institutions. Purchases outside the UK can be made from:
Films for the Humanities and Sciences
PO Box
2053
Princeton
NJ 08543-2053
USA
Tel: (+44) 00
1 609
275 1400
Fax: (+44) 00 1 609 275 3767
The series is now also available on CD-ROM. Each CD-ROM incorporates the contents of the original laser video disc/VHS videotape from the series but has been enhanced and further developed to make a completely interactive series of programmes.
Features include: easy to use; high quality images; menus giving easy access to all sections; full screen option; spoken commentary quizzes with options to print out the results; and printable sub-titles for the commentaries.
1 Assembling apparatus
(i) introduction to 'Quick
- fit' laboratory
glassware
(ii) greasing joints and using Teflon
sleeves
(iii) attaching
tubing to condensers with fixed and detachable side
arms
(iv) supporting
glassware with clamps and stands
(v) setting up apparatus
for distillation and
refluxing
(vi) overnight working
2 Using stirrers
(i)
discussion on the role of stirrers in the laboratory
(ii)
magnetic
stirrers
(iii) mechanical stirrers including types,
attachment of stirrer rod to
motor, and the sealing of glands for controlled atmospheres eg
a stirrer with motor,
flask and oil cup seal is set up
3 Heating samples
(i) discussion
about the role and choice of heating in the laboratory
(ii)
the Bunsen and
micro burner
(iii) steam baths
(iv) stirrer
hotplates
(v) oil
baths
(vi) heating mantles
4 Using a rotary evaporator
(i)
the rotary evaporator
(ii) the operation of the rotary
evaporator looking at
initial set up, evaporation of solvent from sample, the use of
a water bath, and
safely ending the procedure
30 minutes. 1995 CD-ROM, PAL VHS tape
Cost (UK): £34.95 + VAT + p. & p.
Cost NTSC Laser disc (UK): educational discount upon application
Cost NTSC VHS tape(non-UK): $89.95 + 6% shipping handling
Cost NTSC Laser disc (non-UK): $129.00 + 6% shipping handling
System requirements: PC only, Windows 3.1, 95, 98, & NT, Pentium 100MHz, 4X CD ROM, 32Mb RAM, Sound card (please note: Windows 3.1 requires hardware MPEG card for video playback)
1 Distillation at atmospheric pressure
(i)
atmospheric pressure
distillation
(ii) apparatus set up for a distillation
below 200oC including: safe
disposal of uncondensed vapour; setting up a water cooled
condenser; use of a
thermometer; sample heating with oil bath on stirrer hot
plate; and distillation and
collection of distillate
2.1 Distillation at reduced pressure
(i)
introduction to reduced pressure distillation
(ii) a
reduced pressure distillation
procedure is demonstrated looking at the following pieces of
apparatus: the two
necked Claisen head, the water cooled condenser, the capillary
bleed, the use of
oxygen free nitrogen filled balloon, the multi - flask
receiver - adaptor, water pump,
solid carbon dioxide/acetone trap, oil bath heating, and the
distillation and
collection of fractions
2.2 Making a capillary bleed
A capillary bleed for a Quick-Fit joint is made using soft glass tubing and tested by passing nitrogen through it while the tip is immersed in acetone.
3 Fractional distillation
(i) fractional distillation and
fractionating columns
(ii) frac-
tional distillation is demonstrated from initial set up of
apparatus to the cleaning of
the fractionating column
4 Steam distillation
(i) steam
distillation
(ii) water - addition steam distillation is
demonstrated using two
necked flask, splash head, dropping funnel and double surface
condenser.
Problems arising from low melting point solids are also
discussed
(iii)
generated steam distillation
5 Semi - micro distillation
(i)
introduction to semi - micro distillation in the laboratory
including use of the pear
shaped flask
(ii) a semi - micro distillation is
demonstrated including the use
of the micro - burner, and glass wool to aid distillation
30 minutes. 1995 CD-ROM, PAL VHS tape
Cost (UK): £34.95 + VAT + p. & p.
Cost NTSC Laser disc (UK): educational discount upon application
Cost NTSC VHS tape(non-UK): $89.95 + 6% shipping handling
Cost NTSC Laser disc (non-UK): $129.00 + 6% shipping handling
System requirements: PC only, Windows 3.1, 95, 98, & NT, Pentium 100MHz, 4X CD ROM, 32Mb RAM, Sound card (please note: Windows 3.1 requires hardware MPEG card for video playback)
1.1 Filtration (gravity)
(i) introduction to
gravity filtration looks at
fluted paper, funnel selection, and filter paper
selection
(ii) a filtration
procedure is demonstrated including addition contents to
funnel and filtration, hot
filtration on a steam bath, and simple quantitative
filtration
1.2 Folding a fluted filter paper
(iii) Fluting for small and large filter papers.
1.3 Suction filtration
(i) introduction to suction
filtration
(ii) suction
filtration using Buchner funnel and flask with a look at
everything from the aspirator
to filtration, avoidance of solid precipitating out in flask
by precooling to removal of
solid from funnel
(iii) suction filtration using Hirsch
funnel and Buchner
tube
2.1 Recrystallisation
(i) introduction to
recrystallisation
(ii) a demonstration of
recrystallisation looking at the heating
of the solvent and addition of compound, hot filtration using
fluted filter paper and
short stemmed glass funnel, and finally washing and drying
recovered crys-
tals
2.2 Solubility tests for choosing recrystallisation solvents
(i)
introduction to small scale solubility tests
(ii) hot and
cold solubility tests are
performed on a sample using the following solvents, hexane,
trichloromethane,
acetone and methanol are considered
2.3 Promoting crystallisation
(i) seeding uncrystallized sample
solution with seed crys-
tals
(ii) scratching inside flask
(iii) use of
rotary evaporator and steam
bath to concentrate liquor
2.4 Handling oils
(i)
discussion
regarding oil formation (non crystallization of
product)
(ii) dealing with
unwanted product 'oils' by reheating and slow cooling, and
change of
solvent
2.5 Decolorising samples
Use of decolorising carbon and filter aid to clean raw product mix prior to recrystallization.
3 Sublimation
(i) introduction to sublimation
(ii)
using camphor,
sublimation as a purification process is examined at
atmospheric pressure
(iii)
reduced pressure sublimation of borneol
4 Refluxing
(i)
discussion on refluxing in the laboratory
(ii) refluxing
is demonstrated from
initial set up and choice of heating to ending the
procedure
30 minutes. 1995 CD-ROM, PAL VHS tape
Cost (UK): £34.95 + VAT + p. & p.
Cost NTSC Laser disc (UK): educational discount upon application
Cost NTSC VHS tape(non-UK): $89.95 + 6% shipping handling
Cost NTSC Laser disc (non-UK): $129.00 + 6% shipping handling
System requirements: PC only, Windows 3.1, 95, 98, & NT, Pentium 100MHz, 4X CD ROM, 32Mb RAM, Sound card (please note: Windows 3.1 requires hardware MPEG card for video playback)
1.1 Solvent extraction
(i) discussion of solvent
extraction
(ii)
the separating funnel is introduced and is used to demonstrate
two extractions, the
first with the organic layer lighter than water, the second
with organic layer heavier
than water.
1.2 Handling emulsions
Breaking up an emulsion by addition of saturated brine
2 Soxhlet extraction
(i) discussion on
the laboratory use of Soxhlet extraction and introduction of
the extractor
(ii)
the Soxhlet extraction apparatus is set up to demonstrate its'
unique siphon dis-
charge action
3 Continuous flow extraction
(i)
continuous flow
extraction apparatus
(ii) two case are demonstrated, the
first extraction using
a solvent less dense than the sample solvent and the second
extraction using a
solvent more dense than sample solvent
4 Drying samples
(i)
removal of water from thermally stable solids by suction and
oven heating
(ii)
removal of water from thermally unstable compounds with the
use of the
desiccator, vacuum desiccator and desiccants
(iii)
removal of water from
liquids from selection of drying agent to removal of drying
agent
(iv) drying of
gases by use of molecular sieve and a drying tower including
the use of simple
anhydrous calcium chloride charged drying tubes
30 minutes. 1995 CD-ROM, PAL VHS tape
Cost (UK): £34.95 + VAT + p. & p.
Cost NTSC Laser disc (UK): educational discount upon application
Cost NTSC VHS tape(non-UK): $89.95 + 6% shipping handling
Cost NTSC Laser disc (non-UK): $129.00 + 6% shipping handling
System requirements: PC only, Windows 3.1, 95, 98, & NT, Pentium 100MHz, 4X CD ROM, 32Mb RAM, Sound card (please note: Windows 3.1 requires hardware MPEG card for video playback)
1.1 Infrared spectroscopy of solids
(i) selection
of sample
presentation
(ii) the production of a potassium bromide
disk is demonstrated
from storage of the potassium bromide to disk pressing and
recording
spectra
(iii) the manufacture a nujol mull is illustrated
from consideration of
the alkali halide plates, preparation of the mull to cleaning
of alkali halide plates
with non aqueous solvent
1.2 Infrared spectroscopy of liquids
(i)
a simple infrared spectrum of pure compound using alkali
halide plates is
shown
(ii) the infrared absorption spectra of a dilute
solution is obtained
using of spectroscopic grade organic solvent and alkali halide
solution
cells
1.31 Infrared spectroscopy of gases
(i)
discussion on the
infrared spectroscopy of gases using actual spectra
(ii)
the use of a gas cell
to obtain the infra red spectra of carbon monoxide is
demonstrated from the
purging of the gas cell, to presentation of cell to
spectrophotometer
1.32 Use of a vacuum line to fill the gas cell
For valuable and toxic gases, the use of a vacuum line to fill the gas cell is demonstrated
2 UV/visible spectroscopy of solids and liquids
(i) UV/visible
absorption spectroscopy
is introduced briefly
(ii) a UV/visible spectra is
obtained. The process is
demonstrated beginning with the selection of a suitable
solvent to the use and
cleaning of matching cells; presentation of cells to a double
beam spectrometer, a
brief discussion on Beer's Law; and finally what to do if the
main absorption band
is too weak or too strong.
(iii) a comparison of the
absorption maxima of the
following organic compounds is made: diphenylbutadiene;
diphenylhexatriene; and
diphenyloctatetraene
3 Preparing samples for NMR spectroscopy
(i) short discussion on materials and
techniques such as
deuterated solvent and nmr tubes
(ii) an nmr spectrum in
deuterated solvent
is obtained beginning with the selection of suitable solvent
using non deuterated
solvent, to insitu filtration of sample solution using cotton
wool and a Pasteur
pipette, to presentation of sample nmr tube to spectrometer
and the use of the
spinner
(iii) discussion of typical proton nmr
spectrum
30 minutes. 1995 CD-ROM, PAL VHS tape
Cost (UK): £34.95 + VAT + p. & p.
Cost NTSC Laser disc (UK): educational discount upon application
Cost NTSC VHS tape(non-UK): $89.95 + 6% shipping handling
Cost NTSC Laser disc (non-UK): $129.00 + 6% shipping handling
System requirements: PC only, Windows 3.1, 95, 98, & NT, Pentium 100MHz, 4X CD ROM, 32Mb RAM, Sound card (please note: Windows 3.1 requires hardware MPEG card for video playback)
Microscale Techniques
1.1 Assembling apparatus
(i) the
basic apparatus used in organic microscale experiments is
introduced including
reaction containers and magnetic stirring. A simple reflux set
up is demon-
strated.
(ii) measures taken to protect against moisture
are demonstrated
using anhydrous calcium chloride tubes, silicon rubber
covers, and hypodermic
needles
1.2 Assembling apparatus with screw threaded couplings
(i) assembly of apparatus with screw threaded couplings from initial construction to addition of material through rubber seals is demonstrated
2.1 Weighing and material transfer
(i) solid and liquid materials are transferred and weighed
2.2 Transfer using calibrated pipettes
(i) the transference of material using a manual, variable volume, dispensing pipette and a graduated 1cm3 pipette is demonstrated
2.3 Transfer using syringes
(i) the use of a hypodermic needle and syringes to transfer air / moisture sensitive compounds is shown. Included is the use of an inert gas filled balloon to aid transfer.
3 Heating samples
Heating samples on a sand bath exploiting the inherent temperature gradient of a sand bath
4.1 Gravity filtration
(i) the use of a Pasteur pipette in gravity filtration is demonstrated
4.2 Suction filtration
The use of a Hirsch funnel to isolate a product from a reaction or recrystallisation is shown from assembly of Hirsch funnel to the drying of the product under vacuum in side arm test tube
5 Extraction and partition
(i)
introduction to microscale
solvent extraction using a Pasteur pipette is used
(ii)
an extraction from an
aqueous solution using ethyl acetate (ethyl ethanoate) is
demonstrated including
the drying of the organic extract and solvent
removal
6.1 Distillation at atmospheric pressure
(i) the use of the Hickman still which combines the functions of condenser and receiving flask is demonstrated
6.2 Distillation of high boiling liquids
(i) a brief discussion on
indications that the desired
distillate may be of high boiling point
(ii) high
temperature ambient pressure
distillation using a flask and a covered Hickman
still
(iii) high temperature
reduced pressure distillation
30 minutes. 1995 CD-ROM, PAL VHS tape
Cost (UK): £34.95 + VAT + p. & p.
Cost NTSC Laser disc (UK): educational discount upon application
Cost NTSC VHS tape(non-UK): $89.95 + 6% shipping handling
Cost NTSC Laser disc (non-UK): $129.00 + 6% shipping handling
System requirements: PC only, Windows 3.1, 95, 98, & NT, Pentium 100MHz, 4X CD ROM, 32Mb RAM, Sound card (please note: Windows 3.1 requires hardware MPEG card for video playback)
1 Thin layer chromatography
(i) introduction to
thin layer
chromatography including the chromatography plate and choice
of solvent
(ii)
the production and detection of a thin layer chromatogram is
demonstrated
(iii) interpretation of results: correct
solvent polarity, and
tailing
(iv) use of thin layer chromatography in
monitoring chemical
reactions
(v) calculation and the use of Rf
values
2 Column chromatography
(i) introduction to column
chromatography with use of
thin layer chromatography to preselect solvent elution
system
(ii) selection
and preparation of column
(iii) chromatography process is
demonstrated from
collection of eluent to concentration of product by rotary
evaporation
3 Ion exchange chromatography
(i) discussion on ion exchange
chromatography
(ii) preparation of ion exchange
resin
(iii) preparation
of ion exchange column
(iv) regeneration of old exchange
resin by addition
of 6M hydrochloric acid
(v) the production of an ion
exchange chromatogram
is demonstrated
4 Gas chromatography
(i)
introduction to the
gas chromatograph with a look at the oven, column and mobile
phase
(ii)
initial operation of the gas chromatograph is shown
(iii)
presentation of
sample by syringe, and gas syringe and loop, to the gas
chromatograph is dem-
onstrated
(iv) detection of eluents and brief description
of detectors available
including a discussion of retention times and their
significance
(v)
comparison of unknown compound with standard by co -
injection
30 minutes. 1995 CD-ROM, PAL VHS tape
Cost (UK): £34.95 + VAT + p. & p.
Cost NTSC Laser disc (UK): educational discount upon application
Cost NTSC VHS tape(non-UK): $89.95 + 6% shipping handling
Cost NTSC Laser disc (non-UK): $129.00 + 6% shipping handling
System requirements: PC only, Windows 3.1, 95, 98, & NT, Pentium 100MHz, 4X CD ROM, 32Mb RAM, Sound card (please note: Windows 3.1 requires hardware MPEG card for video playback)
1 Using balances
(i) discussion on weighing in
the laboratory with a
look at the general purpose balance, the analytical balance
and the various
containment vessels that can be used
(ii) the operation
of the general
purpose balance is demonstrated
(iii) the analytical
balance is demonstrated
including the following weighing methods: 'quantitative
transfer'; 'weighing by
difference'; and 'absolute weights'
2 Using a pipette
(i)
introduction to the various pipettes and pipette fillers
available
(ii) the use of
the volumetric pipette and the pi-pump filler is
shown
(iii) the volumetric
pipette and the 3 valve rubber bulb pipette filler is
demonstrated
(iv) the
measuring pipette
3 Using a burette
(i) the burette is introduced including capacity, rinsing and filling, and the removal of air bubbles
4 Making-up solutions
(i) the volumetric flask: size
versus accuracy; and
long term storage of standard solutions
(ii) the use of
the volumetric flask in
the determination of copper in a copper salt is shown
(iii)
examples of
different ampoules
(iv) dilution of stock
solutions
(v) size of aliquot
versus size of flask
30 minutes. 1995 CD-ROM, PAL VHS tape
Cost (UK): £34.95 + VAT + p. & p.
Cost NTSC Laser disc (UK): educational discount upon application
Cost NTSC VHS tape(non-UK): $89.95 + 6% shipping handling
Cost NTSC Laser disc (non-UK): $129.00 + 6% shipping handling
System requirements: PC only, Windows 3.1, 95, 98, & NT, Pentium 100MHz, 4X CD ROM, 32Mb RAM, Sound card (please note: Windows 3.1 requires hardware MPEG card for video playback)
1 Gravimetric analysis
(i) the nickel content in
a sample of nickel
salt is determined by gravimetric analysis using
dimethylglyoxime as the
complexing agent.
(ii) the procedure is shown from the
initial drying of the
sintered glass crucibles to addition of dimethylglyoxime to
form nickel /
dimethylglyoxime precipitate, to the drying and cooling of the
product
2 Electrogravimetric analysis
(i) introduction to
electrogravimetric analysis
and the coaxial platinum electrode
(ii) the
electrogravimetric procedure is
shown from the initial weighing of the electrode to appliance
of voltage and final
weight determination. Also included is a brief discussion on
the determination of
copper in a mixed metal ion solution
3 Kjeldahl determination of nitrogen
(i) introduction to the Kjeldahl
determination of nitrogen
(ii)
the simple Kjeldahl determination of nitrogen in metal ammine
/ amine complex is
demonstrated
(iii) titration of distillate
(iv)
vigorous Kjeldahl digestion
with the addition of a Kjeldahl digestion tablet and
concentrated sulphuric acid and
quantitative transfer of contents to simple digestion
apparatus
30 minutes. 1995 CD-ROM, PAL VHS tape
Cost (UK): £34.95 + VAT + p. & p.
Cost NTSC Laser disc (UK): educational discount upon application
Cost NTSC VHS tape(non-UK): $89.95 + 6% shipping handling
Cost NTSC Laser disc (non-UK): $129.00 + 6% shipping handling
System requirements: PC only, Windows 3.1, 95, 98, & NT, Pentium 100MHz, 4X CD ROM, 32Mb RAM, Sound card (please note: Windows 3.1 requires hardware MPEG card for video playback)
1 Measuring and controlling temperature
(i)
discussion on
measuring and controlling temperature
(ii) the following
thermometers are
looked at: mercury, high temperature mercury, low temperature
pentane, and
Beckman
(ii) Quick-Fit apparatus and
thermometers
(iii) dealing with a
broken bead in a thermometer
(iv) electrical temperature
measurements:
thermistor and thermocouple
(v) controlling
temperatures
2.1 Determination of melting temperature (point)
(i)
melting temperatures and
purity and identity
(ii) determination of melting
temperature using the alumin-
ium block melting point apparatus
(iii) use of mixed
sample techniques for
sample identification
2.2 Sealing melting temperature tubes
(i)
normal melting temperature tubes are sealed using a Bunsen
flame
(ii)
dealing with samples that sublime upon heating
(iii)
dealing with samples
that oxidise on heating
2.3 Hot stage microscope
(i) the hot
stage microscope is introduced
(ii) the determination of
melting point using
the hot stage microscope is shown
3 Determination of boiling temperature (point)
(i) brief discussion on boiling
temperatures
(ii) determination
of boiling temperatures using melting temperature
apparatus
4.1 Determining a liquid/liquid phase diagram
(i) liquid
/liquid phase
diagrams
(ii) phase diagram of the phenol/water system is
obtained over a
range of known mixture compositions
4.2 Determining a solid/liquid phase diagram
(i) solid/liquid phase diagrams
(ii) the
solid/liquid phase
diagram of the acetamide/p - nitrophenol system is
obtained
30 minutes. 1995 CD-ROM, PAL VHS tape
Cost (UK): £34.95 + VAT + p. & p.
Cost NTSC Laser disc (UK): educational discount upon application
Cost NTSC VHS tape(non-UK): $89.95 + 6% shipping handling
Cost NTSC Laser disc (non-UK): $129.00 + 6% shipping handling
System requirements: PC only, Windows 3.1, 95, 98, & NT, Pentium 100MHz, 4X CD ROM, 32Mb RAM, Sound card (please note: Windows 3.1 requires hardware MPEG card for video playback)
1 Microscale thin layer chromatography
(i)
introduction to thin layer
chromatography
(ii) procedure from plate marking and
sample spotting with
fine drawn capillary tube to final spot observation
(iii)
discussion on
results
2 Microscale column chromatography using a Pasteur pipette
(i) discussion on microscale column
chromatography and
comparison with conventional chromatography
(ii)
customising the Pasteur
pipette
(iii) column preparation
(iv) separation
procedure
(v)
identification of separated components
(vi) solvent
change during
elution
(vii) purity of fractions and recovery of
products
3 Microscale gas chromatography
(i) brief introduction
to gas
chromatography
(ii) the gas chromatograph
(iii)
injection of sample and
identification of component peaks
(iv) quantitative
analysis: detector
response factors and determination of percentage
concentration
4 Microscale preparation of a Grignard reagent
(i) the procedure used in the microscale preparation and reaction of a Grignard reagent is demonstrated from initial assembly of apparatus to addition of magnesium turnings, then addition of bromobenzene to reaction with propiophenone, to final product purification by liquid/liquid extraction with diethyl ether
30 minutes. 1995 CD-ROM, PAL VHS tape
Cost (UK): £34.95 + VAT + p. & p.
Cost NTSC Laser disc (UK): educational discount upon application
Cost NTSC VHS tape(non-UK): $89.95 + 6% shipping handling
Cost NTSC Laser disc (non-UK): $129.00 + 6% shipping handling
System requirements: PC only, Windows 3.1, 95, 98, & NT, Pentium 100MHz, 4X CD ROM, 32Mb RAM, Sound card (please note: Windows 3.1 requires hardware MPEG card for video playback)
1 Microscale recrystallisation
(i)
recrystallisation and choice of
solvent
(ii) the microscale recrystallisation technique
is demon-
strated
2 Microscale Craig tube recrystallisation
(i) introduction
to the Craig tube
(ii) recrystallisation using the Craig
tube is
demonstrated
3 Microscale determination of boiling temperature
(i) short discussion on boiling
temperatures
(ii)
determination of boiling temperatures using melting
temperature apparatus and a
fine drawn capillary tube
4.1 Determination of melting temperature (point)
(i) melting temperatures and purity and
identity
(ii)
determination of melting temperature using the aluminium block
melting point
apparatus
(iii) use of mixed sample techniques for sample
identification
4.2 Hot stage microscope
(i)
the hot stage
microscope is introduced
(ii) the determination of
melting point using the hot
stage microscope is shown
5 Preparing solid samples for infra red spectroscopy
(i) selection of sample presentation
methods
(ii) a
bench mounted hand press is used to produce a potassium
bromide disc
(iii)
Nujol mull preparation
6 Preparing liquid samples for infra red spectroscopy
(i) using alkali halide plates
(ii)
dealing with strong
absorptions
(iii) cleaning alkali halide plates
30 minutes. 1995 CD-ROM, PAL VHS tape
Cost (UK): £34.95 + VAT + p. & p.
Cost NTSC Laser disc (UK): educational discount upon application
Cost NTSC VHS tape(non-UK): $89.95 + 6% shipping handling
Cost NTSC Laser disc (non-UK): $129.00 + 6% shipping handling
System requirements: PC only, Windows 3.1, 95, 98, & NT, Pentium 100MHz, 4X CD ROM, 32Mb RAM, Sound card (please note: Windows 3.1 requires hardware MPEG card for video playback)
1 Doing a titration
(i) burette reading
aids
(ii) a titration
procedure is demonstrated from initial rough titration to the
final repeat one
including the 'half drop' technique
2 Some common end points
(i)
the following indicators are used in an acid - base titration:
phenolphthalein, methyl
red, methyl orange, screened methyl orange, bromothymol blue
and bromocresol
green
(ii) a selection of other reaction end points are
also observed: EDTA /
metals ions with Eriochrome black T and Murexide; chloride /
silver nitrate using
Fluorescein; chloride / silver nitrate using potassium
chromate; thiocyanate / silver
nitrate using ammonium iron (III) sulphate; iodine /
thiosulphate using starch or
starch substitute and self indication with immiscible solvent;
chromium (VI) / reduc-
ing agent using Ferroin and sodium diphenylamine sulphonate;
and self indicating
manganese (VII) / reducing agent in acid solution
3 Potentiometric titrations
(i) introduction to potentiometric
titrations
(ii) pH titrations
including: comparison with common acid/base end-point
indicators; calibration
using buffer solutions; strong acid/ strong base pH titration;
and discussion on
pH/titrant volume curves for the following titrations strong
acid and base, weak acid
and strong base, weak acid and base, and multiple end
points
(iii) oxidation
reduction reactions: description of platinum and calomel
electrodes; iron (II) and
cerium (IV) titration; cleaning the electrodes; and discussion
of the emf/cerium (IV)
curve
(iv) silver halide titrations: sodium
chloride/silver nitrate titration is
demonstrated using a salt bridge, and calomel and silver
electrodes; and
concluding with a discussion of the emf/silver nitrate
curve
30 minutes. 1995 CD-ROM, PAL VHS tape
Cost (UK): £34.95 + VAT + p. & p.
Cost NTSC Laser disc (UK): educational discount upon application
Cost NTSC VHS tape(non-UK): $89.95 + 6% shipping handling
Cost NTSC Laser disc (non-UK): $129.00 + 6% shipping handling
System requirements: PC only, Windows 3.1, 95, 98, & NT, Pentium 100MHz, 4X CD ROM, 32Mb RAM, Sound card (please note: Windows 3.1 requires hardware MPEG card for video playback)
1 Using a bomb calorimeter
(i) discussion on bomb
calorimetry
including: temperature change; the role of oxygen; the
adiabatic water jacket; and
the precision thermometer
(ii) calibration of the bomb
calorimeter using
benzoic acid
(iii) discussion on procedures for unknown
compounds
2 Using a Dewar calorimeter
(i)
introduction to the
Dewar flask and adiabatic calorimetry
(ii) the use of the
Dewar flask in
adiabatic calorimetry is demonstrated
(iii) direct
method
3 Determination of the enthalpy of neutralisation for strong acids and strong bases
(i) standardisation of sodium hydroxide
solutions
(ii) the use
of a calorimeter to determine the enthalpy of neutralisation
of hydrochloric acid with
sodium hydroxide is shown
(iii) enthalpy of dilution of
water with sodium
hydroxide is obtained
(iv) enthalpy of neutralisation and
dilution of
dichloroethanoic acid
(v) discussion of results
30 minutes. 1995 CD-ROM, PAL VHS tape
Cost (UK): £34.95 + VAT + p. & p.
Cost NTSC Laser disc (UK): educational discount upon application
Cost NTSC VHS tape(non-UK): $89.95 + 6% shipping handling
Cost NTSC Laser disc (non-UK): $129.00 + 6% shipping handling
System requirements: PC only, Windows 3.1, 95, 98, & NT, Pentium 100MHz, 4X CD ROM, 32Mb RAM, Sound card (please note: Windows 3.1 requires hardware MPEG card for video playback)
1 Determination of the kinetics of the oxidation of iodide ions by hydrogen peroxide
(i) introduction to the 'Iodine Clock'
reaction
(ii) using the
following chemicals the 'Iodine Clock' reaction is shown:
potassium iodide, starch,
sulphuric acid and hydrogen peroxide
(iii) discussion of
results
2 Determination of the kinetics of the reaction of iodide ions with peroxydisulphate (persulphate) ions
(i) the reaction of iodide ions
with peroxodisulphate
ions is discussed
(ii) the reaction procedure is
performed
(iii)
discussion of results and calculation of activation energy
using the Arrhenius
equation
3 Determination of the kinetics of the iodination of ketones
(i) the halogenation reactions of ketones
exhibiting acid / base
catalysis is discussed
(ii) the experimental procedure is
performed using a
water bath and a thermostatic UV/visible spectrophotometer
cell
(iii)
discussion of results
4 Measuring the partition coefficient for iodine between water and organic solvents
(i) brief
discussion on partition
coefficients
(ii) determination of the solubility of
iodine in toluene and
water
(iii) partition coefficient determination
(iii)
calculation of partition
coefficient and brief description of alternative colorimetric
method of
analysis
5 Colorimetric analysis using the Beer - Lambert law
(i)
colorimetric analysis and the Beer - Lambert law
(ii)
colorimetric analysis of
aqueous iron phenanthroline solutions
(iii) discussion of
results
30 minutes. 1995 CD-ROM, PAL VHS tape
Cost (UK): £34.95 + VAT + p. & p.
Cost NTSC Laser disc (UK): educational discount upon application
Cost NTSC VHS tape(non-UK): $89.95 + 6% shipping handling
Cost NTSC Laser disc (non-UK): $129.00 + 6% shipping handling
System requirements: PC only, Windows 3.1, 95, 98, & NT, Pentium 100MHz, 4X CD ROM, 32Mb RAM, Sound card (please note: Windows 3.1 requires hardware MPEG card for video playback)
1 Using galvanic cells
Introduction to Galvanic cells and apparatus looking at the calomel electrode, salt bridge, digital voltmeter and calibration of meter with standard buffer solutions.
2 Determining standard electrode potentials
(i) apparatus looked at includes digital
voltmeter, silver and
calomel reference electrodes
(ii) determination of
standard electrode
potentials includes: cleaning the silver electrode with dilute
nitric acid; construction
of the silver electrode with aqueous silver nitrate; ammonium
nitrate/agar agar salt
bridge; and connecting and using the digital
voltmeter
(iii) discussion of
results
3 Determining solubility products
(i)
introduction to
solubility products and electrode potentials
(ii)
determination of electrode
potentials: preparation of silver chloride from aqueous silver
nitrate and potassium
chloride; cell emf determination; and cell emf measurement of
calibration
series
4 Determining thermodynamic parameters (of electrochemical cells)
(i) the reversible chemical cell
(ii)
electrochemical
measurements are made upon a button cell (zinc/silver oxide
alkali cell) immersed
in paraffin oil along with a stirrer and thermometer. The cell
is connected to a
digital voltmeter and the oil heated. The emf produced by the
cell is noted as the
oil cools down
(iii) discussion of results
5 Using conductivity cells
(i) the dipping conductiometric cell is looked
at along with its
cleaning procedure
(ii) conductiometric measurement is
observed including
calibration of the dipping cell and sample conductivity
determination
(iii) cell
storage
6 Conductiometric titrations
(i) the
advantages of
conductiometric titrations are discussed
(ii) a
conductiometric titration is
demonstrated: dipping electrode is connected to a meter and
placed in the sample
solution; burette is filled with titrant, the sample titrated,
and the change in
conductivity noted; and cleaning and storage of the
conductivity cell
(ii)
calculations and discussion of results
7 Using an
automatic
titrator
A potentiometric acid/base titration is demonstrated using an automatic titrator from initial set up to print out of data.
30 minutes. 1995 CD-ROM, PAL VHS tape
Cost (UK): £34.95 + VAT + p. & p.
Cost NTSC Laser disc (UK): educational discount upon application
Cost NTSC VHS tape(non-UK): $89.95 + 6% shipping handling
Cost NTSC Laser disc (non-UK): $129.00 + 6% shipping handling
System requirements: PC only, Windows 3.1, 95, 98, & NT, Pentium 100MHz, 4X CD ROM, 32Mb RAM, Sound card (please note: Windows 3.1 requires hardware MPEG card for video playback)
1 Determining the molecular weights of gases
(i)
a simple vacuum
line is introduced including: safety procedures; the rotary
pump and manometer;
the use of the liquid nitrogen filled trap; and vacuum line
testing for leaks
(ii)
molecular weight determination using the molecular weight
bulb
2 Measuring the nitrogen dioxide/dinitrogen tetraoxide equilibrium
(i) the
vacuum line is discussed including: vacuum pump and cold
traps; differential spiral
manometer used as a null pressure device; gas storage bulb;
vacuum line testing
for leaks; preparation of the differential mercury manometer
and null pressure
device
(ii) measuring the nitrogen dioxide/dinitrogen
tetraoxide
equilibrium
3 Measuring the variation of the boiling temperature of liquids as function of pressure
(i) the 'Isoteniscope'
apparatus is
introduced
(ii) the following apparatus is assembled:
charged isoteniscope,
mercury manometer, vacuum pump and a reflux condenser, water
bath, magnetic
stirrer and thermometer
(iii) experimental procedure is
demonstrated
(iv)
discussion of results
4 Using a Fortin barometer
(i) the Fortin barometer is introduced and read
30 minutes. 1995 CD-ROM, PAL VHS tape
Cost (UK): £34.95 + VAT + p. & p.
Cost NTSC Laser disc (UK): educational discount upon application
Cost NTSC VHS tape(non-UK): $89.95 + 6% shipping handling
Cost NTSC Laser disc (non-UK): $129.00 + 6% shipping handling
System requirements: PC only, Windows 3.1, 95, 98, & NT, Pentium 100MHz, 4X CD ROM, 32Mb RAM, Sound card (please note: Windows 3.1 requires hardware MPEG card for video playback)
1 Using a polarimeter
(i) the semi - automatic
and manual
polarimeters are introduced
(ii) the procedure for manual
polarimeter is
demonstrated
(iii) brief description of the mutarotation
of glucose
2 Determining the refractive Indices of liquids
(i)
introduction to refractive
indices of liquids and the Abbe refractometer
(ii) the
refractive index of a
sample using the Abbe refractometer is obtained
(iii) the
pocket
refractometer for the rapid determination of sugar content is
demonstrated
3 Measuring the rates of radioactive processes
(i)
radioactivity is discussed
(ii) the equipment used to
monitor radioactive
processes is introduced including: the castle and detector;
radioactive source; the
counter; and using distance and/or absorbing materials to
increase or decrease the
count rate in the castle
(iii) radioactive decay curve,
plot of loge[activity] vs.
time, decay constant ( ), and half life calculation are
discussed
(iv) ending
the counting session and safe disposal of radioactive
sources
4 Gas phase spectra of hydrogen, sodium and iodine
(i) the
spectrometer and
light source are introduced
(ii) the constant deviation
spectrometer is
calibrated using cadmium. The following are then examined: the
hydrogen
discharge tube and the Balmer series of emission lines; the
sodium lamp and the
sodium D - lines; and a heated iodine bulb and the iodine
absorption lines
30 minutes. 1995 CD-ROM, PAL VHS tape
Cost (UK): £34.95 + VAT + p. & p.
Cost NTSC Laser disc (UK): educational discount upon application
Cost NTSC VHS tape(non-UK): $89.95 + 6% shipping handling
Cost NTSC Laser disc (non-UK): $129.00 + 6% shipping handling
System requirements: PC only, Windows 3.1, 95, 98, & NT, Pentium 100MHz, 4X CD ROM, 32Mb RAM, Sound card (please note: Windows 3.1 requires hardware MPEG card for video playback)
1 Using a flame photometer
(i) the flame emission
spectrophotometer is introduced including; the start - up
procedure; the inner
workings of the photometer; and element specific filters for
sodium and
potassium
(ii) the flame photometer is calibrated and a
sample solution
aspirated to determine sodium level
(iii) using results
from the calibration
plot
(iv) switching of safely
2 Using an atomic absorption spectrometer
(i) the atomic absorption
spectrophotometer is presented
including: the components of the spectrophotometer; adjustment
of flow rate and
igniting the acetylene (ethyne); lean and rich flames;
selection of the hollow
cathode lamp; and the spectroscopic calibration of the
spectrophotometer using a
copper hollow cathode lamp
(ii) quantitative calibration
of the
spectrophotometer using a series of standard aqueous copper
(II) sol-
utions
(iii) using results from the calibration
graph
(iv) switching off
safely
3 Thermogravimetric analysis
(i)
introduction to
thermogravimetric analysis.
(ii) hydrated copper (II)
sulphate is heated to
produce its white anhydrous form, water is then added to
rehydrate it. This is used
to illustrate a temperature dependent change in form and
mass.
(iii)
introduction to thermogravimetric equipment including;
crucible cleaning; adjustment
of gas flow to the analyser; absorption of toxic gases in a
carbon trap; setting
temperature parameters; preparation and weighing of hydrated
copper (II) sulphate;
trial run followed by discussion of results; finally run is
repeated with fresh sample
again followed by discussion of results and close down
procedure
(iv)
discussion of results
30 minutes. 1995 CD-ROM, PAL VHS tape
Cost (UK): £34.95 + VAT + p. & p.
Cost NTSC Laser disc (UK): educational discount upon application
Cost NTSC VHS tape(non-UK): $89.95 + 6% shipping handling
Cost NTSC Laser disc (non-UK): $129.00 + 6% shipping handling
System requirements: PC only, Windows 3.1, 95, 98, & NT, Pentium 100MHz, 4X CD ROM, 32Mb RAM, Sound card (please note: Windows 3.1 requires hardware MPEG card for video playback)
Chemical reactions can be affected by the addition of substances that take no part in the reaction itself. In chemistry it is common to use substances that accelerate the chemical reaction. All living things also contain catalysts called enzymes. These enzymes lower the activation energy for metabolic reactions so that metabolic processes can take place at low temperatures. This programme shows that catalysts play a vital role not only in manufacturing technology, but also in the metabolic reactions of living things.
12 minutes. DVD-R, PAL VHS tape
Cost: £29.95 + p & p + VAT
Loosely carrying from the 'Chemistry Essentials Series', the 'Concepts in Science - Chemistry Series' specialises in looking at six areas covered at GCSE and A-level chemistry.
This series uses analogy and computer animation to introduce chemistry students to the concepts of chemical reactions. It explores and examines the theories of steady state, dynamic equilibrium, kinetic molecular theory, reaction tendencies and the equilibrium constant. The forward and reverse reactions of various chemical changes are illustrated, including the production of hydrogen iodide, hydrogen chloride and ammonia. Finally, through demonstrations of Le Chatelier's principle and the Haber process, students may gain a better understanding of the importance of chemical equilibrium to scientific study. The video is divided into six ten minute concepts as follows: unsteady steadiness, dynamic equilibrium, reaction kinetics, the equilibrium constant, the Haber process.
60 minutes. PAL VHS tape
Cost: £29.50 + p & p + VAT
The Mol Concept clarifies the reasoning behind the historical development of the mol concept - the mol is the ultimate standard container for directly comparing large numbers of atoms - and it opens the way to understanding chemical reactions at the molecular level. Each program uses animation of scientific concepts and analogies from daily life to simplify the material. Exercises in reasoning, using such theories as Gay-Lussac's law of combining gas volumes and Avogadro's hypothesis, encourages class discussion. Through a process of postulation and refutation, students will discover a practical working tool for comparing atoms in chemical reactions. The video is divided into six ten minute concepts as follows: relative mass, gas volumes, combining gas volumes, Avogadro's hypothesis, relative atomic mass, the mol.
60 minutes. PAL VHS tape
Cost: £29.50 + p & p + VAT
Beginning with a look at the structure of carbon, the atom common to all living matter, this series investigates the properties of carbon and some of its fascinating uses in fuels, plastics, and industry. Computer animation is used to illustrate bonding and reaction at a molecular level and helps simplify complex concepts. The video is divided into six ten minute concepts as follows: carbon the compromiser, the shape of carbon, carbon bonding, fixing fuels, polyethylene, and harvest of enzymes.
60 minutes. PAL VHS tape
Cost: £29.50 + p & p + VAT
A sequel to Organic Chemistry I, this series uses sophisticated three-dimensional animation to show how the molecules and properties of compounds lend themselves to a wide variety of industrial applications. Since the number of a synthetic compounds being developed is steadily increasing, the series concludes with a programme on the benefits and risks of these materials. The video is divided into six ten minute concept as follows: fibres, soaps, glues, ASA(? Ed.), cosmetics, and life after chemistry.
60 minutes. PAL VHS tape
Cost: £29.50 + p & p + VAT
In six short programmes, chemistry students will learn the importance of the electron to chemical compounds. Through computer animation, the series explores the development of the atomic model by scientists such as Bohr, Rutherford and Planck, and relates their contributions to an understanding of the functions of electrons. It illustrates various aspects such as energy levels, orbitals, charges, relative mass, bonding and electron configuration, explaining clearly and concisely how the properties of an atom may be predicted by studying its electronic configuration. The video is divided into six ten minute concepts as follows: introducing the players, the Rutherford-Bohr atom, electron arrangement, how atoms bond, molecular substance and covalent crystals, and metals and ionic solids.
60 minutes. PAL VHS tape
Cost: £29.50 + p & p + VAT
This lively series commences by taking chemistry students inside the common, every day battery and explaining the basic principles involved. It then illustrates the terminology and processes of electrochemical reactions, how half-cell potentials can be determined and how electrochemistry is at work in the commercial Leclanche cell, as well as in the processes of corrosion and electrolysis. The video is divided into six ten minute concepts as follows: building blocks of electrochemistry, electrochemical cells, designing electrochemical cells, commercial electrochemical cells, corrosion, and electroplating.
60 minutes. PAL VHS tape
Cost: £29.50 + p & p + VAT
The following programmes were taken from the Concepts in Science - Physics series.
This instructive series shows step-by-step, how interest in cathode rays led scientists to discover X-rays, then alpha, beta, and gamma radiation, and finally to explore the conversion of matter into energy. With the aid of computer animation the programme helps clarify such concepts as nuclear fission and nuclear fusion and it gives students a straightforward explanation of how a nuclear reactor works, and an examination of the difficulties created by nuclear waste products. The video is divided into six 10 minute concepts as follows: (1) the discovery of radioactivity; (2) properties of Becquerel rays; (3) Natural transmutations; (4) energy from the nucleus; (5) electrical energy from fission; (6) nuclear by-products.
60 minutes. PAL VHS tape
Cost: £29.50 + p & p + VAT
These programmes explore the history and development of the model of the atom, from the hypotheses of the early Greek philosophers to the wave mechanical model of modern atomic physicists. Through animation, the experiments by pioneer atomic scientists (such as Bohr, de Broglie, Faraday, and Rutherford) using electricity, radioactivity, and spectroscopy are recreated. The implications of their discoveries are discussed. The video is divided into six 10 minute concepts as follows: (1) the earliest models (2) smaller than the smallest; the Rutherford model; (4) the Bohr model; (5) spectra; and (6) the wave mechanical model.
60 minutes. PAL VHS tape
Cost: £29.50 + p & p + VAT
Wave particle duality traces the development of the various theories advanced to explain the behaviour of light, from the concepts of the ancient Greeks to the proven models of today. The contributions of Isaac Newton, Christian Huygens, Thomas Young, Jean Foucault, James Maxwell, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Arthur Compton, Geoffrey Taylor, and Louis de Broglie are outlined, as are other reasons for the gradual acceptance of both the particle and the wave models and their eventual combination. The programmes use computerised animation to explain and illustrate the different concepts. The video is divided into six 10 minute concepts: (1) the particle model; (2) the wave model; (3) the electromagnetic model; (4) the quantum idea; (5) photons; (6) matter waves.
60 minutes. PAL VHS tape
Cost: £29.50 + p & p + VAT
An interactive series which deals with basic concepts of science and technology, addressing fundamental social issues that arise from scientific and technological developments. In particular, the series is designed to assist students in developing critical thinking about science and technology options being used today, by examining basic applications and pointing out some of the unforeseen problems or complications that often emerge as a consequence.
Package includes: 3 X 1-hour videos on toxic waste, water, biotechnology; 1 introductory video; 1 comprehensive 60 page teacher's guide.
60 minutes per video. PAL VHS tape
Cost: £29.50 + p & p + VAT per video
Exciting 3D computer animation shows the dynamic process of photosynthesis at a molecular level. Starting with historic discoveries, this mini-series examines the absorption of light by plants, and follows the energy pathways to the production of carbohydrates and other organic materials. The programme also develops the Calvin cycle as it functions in carbon 3 and carbon 4 plants, and the remarkable fluid transport system that delivers water and nutrients throughout the plant structure. The video is divided into six 10 minute concepts as follows: (1) seeing the light; (2) absorbing the light; (3) the light reaction; (4) the dark reaction; (5) C 3 and C 4 plants; and (6) the fluid transport system.
60 minutes. PAL VHS tape
Cost: £29.50 + p & p + VAT
Biology students will quickly grasp the importance of proteins as the basic building blocks of life and the fundamental role that protein synthesis plays in all living things from this series. Each programme explores one aspect of the process, from the manufacture of DNA to the roles of the messenger and transfer RNA. Computer animation provides clear demonstrations that makes this complex subject easily understood. The video is divided into six 10 minute concepts as follows: (1) protein - the stuff of life; (2) DNA - the molecule of heredity; (3) DNA replication - the repeating formula; (4) RNA synthesis; (5) transfer RNA; (6) ribosomal RNA.
60 minutes. PAL VHS tape
Cost: £29.50 + p & p + VAT
VisChem is a research and development project for the production of teaching resources in chemistry based on chemicals and educational research. The project is based on the philosophy that understanding chemistry involves being able to link what one sees in the laboratory to what one imagines is happening at the molecular level. Only then can these observations be communicated meaningfully using former nurse and equations. The animations used are unique in terms of attention to detail based on chemical research. They are designed to target misconceptions identified in research on student learning. Artistic licence issues with care and for educational reasons only.
Complete set of 3 programmes DVD-R, PAL VHS tape
Cost: £74.95 + p&p + VAT
This visual resource aims to help students understand concepts and construct models at a fundamental level presenting three dimensional, dynamic animations. The video portrays the structures of the three states of water (solid, liquid and gaseous) and the melting, evaporation and boiling processes at the molecular level using computer generated animations. The teaching package also includes extensive notes, lesson plans, activities, question sheets and background information. This programme was produced to enable students to develop mental models based on images and the molecular level.
12 minutes. DVD-R, PAL VHS tape
Cost: £34.95 plus p & p plus VAT
This programme is divided into three parts each moving from the laboratory level to the molecular level and then to the symbolic level. By first looking at the reaction of potassium thiocyanate solution with iron (III) nitrate solution, ionic equilibrium is explained. Next acid-base chemistry is shown shown using ethanoic acid as an acid, ethanoate ion as a base and ammonia as a base. The last part of the programme deals with redox chemistry and a reaction of copper metal and silver nitrate solution.
25 minutes. DVD-R, PAL VHS tape
Cost: £34.95 plus p & p plus VAT
This programme is divided into three parts, each moving from the laboratory level to the molecular level and then to the symbolic level. After brief navigation maps and advance organiser the programme first looks at the difference between melting and dissolving using the example of sodium chloride. The next part examines the reaction of sodium chloride solution with silver nitrate to exemplify precipitation. Finally ammonia is added to a solution of copper (II) nitrate copper (II) hydroxide gel. The successive complexation of the copper (II) ion by ammonia molecules serves as an important model for complexation.
25 minutes. DVD-R, PAL VHS tape
Cost: £34.95 plus p & p plus VAT
Ideal to use as a resource in the classroom or lecture theatre, the VisChem CD-ROM contains all the animations from the above video series and can be used with textbooks or any other resource that provides explanations of the molecular world.
Dual platform CD-ROM: PC/Mac
Cost: £35.00 + p & p + VAT
The CD-ROM comprises 13 video clips of practical techniques for post-16 chemistry. It comes in two CD-ROMs. Disc 1: assembling apparatus; recrystallisation; solvent extraction; drying samples; distillation; suction filtration. Disc 2: titrations; using a burette; using a pipette; gravity filtration; refluxing; thin-layer chromatography; making up solutions.
System requirements: Pentium PC, 200MHz, sound card, 8X CD-ROM drive, Windows 9X/NT 4.0
Features include: ease of use; one hour of high-quality video; full screen option; spoken commentary; scrolling text subtitles which can be printed out; glossary; printable graphics; quizzes with optional feedback . For an example of the picture quality see: www.soton.ac.uk/~ajrchem
Cost: £29.50 + p&p +VAT single price , multiple copy discount upon application
This CD-ROM is aimed at post 16 chemistry students and teachers. It covers infra-red (IR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The students and teachers can: browse the database of spectra and selected properties of 26 compounds viewing them either as raw spectra or with key peaks annotated; copy and place spectra in other applications; work in problem solving mode to identify unknown compounds from their spectra; see tutorials that show animations of the processes that lead to import peaks in the spectra; and view video clips showing how spectra are run.
system requirements: Pentium PC 200MHz, 8X CD-ROM, Windows 9X/NT 4.0, IE 4.01/Netscape 4.0
Cost: £29.50 + p&p + VAT ( site licences are available from Educational Media)
[ Chemistry Images Post_16 Front Page | Publisher Address Index | Publisher and Programme Title Index | Keyword Index ]
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