Prostaglandin F2α

I’ll make it clear from the start that the target of this month’s column and I have a bit of previous. In fact, we had a rather close three-year relationship, but one that ended in some slight bitterness on my part – prostaglandin F_2α was a target for part of my PhD project, but I failed to complete the total synthesis. I was far from being the first to embark on a synthesis of the prostaglandin family; a huge number of complete and partial syntheses of this large class of natural products have been published. 

The rationale for all this effort is mostly due to their function as mediators in every animal system, including humans.¹ Their roles are diverse – from vasodilation to bronchoconstriction – presenting a phenomenal target for medicinal chemists. Indeed, several synthetic prostaglandins are marketed, including treatments for pulmonary hypertension, peptic ulcers and to induce childbirth.

So there’s been no shortage of grant funding for synthetic chemistry of the prostaglandins, keeping some of the finest minds in organic chemistry engaged over the last five decades. Approaches from luminaries such as E J Corey have even evolved over that time to include some of the key contemporary methodological developments – but many of the original strategies have remained. Significant intermediates in those strategies, such as the Corey lactone, have also become targets in their own right.²

Recognising that the bicyclic heart of the Corey lactone is fundamental in controlling the stereochemistry of later steps, a small team led by Varinder Aggarwal at the University of Bristol, UK, has now devised an inventive and phenomenally short route to a variant of this well recognised bicycle.³ Starting from 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran, hydrolysis in water provided succinaldehyde, a reactive dialdehyde. 

Treating this with (S)-proline resulted in initial dimerisation to an adduct, now bearing three aldehyde moieties and a hydroxyl (figure 1). This species remains in equilibrium with a lactol, featuring only two aldehyde groups, which can participate in a dehydrating aldol reaction to generate the desired target. 

However, all those aldehyde groups present in all four species allow many competing processes to occur, which limits the isolated yield to only 14%. This may appear restrictive, but in setting two stereocentres in high yield and diastereoselectivity, as well as creating two rings, the team has achieved an enormous, cheap and scaleable shortcut over previous methodology.

Simple methylation of the lactol protected this fragile functional group. This freed the team to focus on the single remaining aldehyde, which they treated with a complex organocuprate reagent (figure 2).⁴  This chemistry delivered the first of two sidechains required for any prostaglandin synthesis with excellent control of diastereoselectivity. By trapping the product as a silyl enol ether, the team could then use reductive ozonolysis to remove the extraneous carbon. This installed the required hydroxyl group on the cyclopentane ring, and with the required stereochemistry by virtue of substrate control.

 

This left the team with only one further sidechain to install, and they did this with ease. Partial hydrolysis of the acetal removed the methyl protecting group, freeing the lactol functionality. When exposed to a Wittig reagent bearing the required sidechain, a smooth reaction returned gram quantities of the completed target in an astonishing seven steps (figure 3).

Not only does this synthesis constitute a phenomenal route to an important natural product, it paves the way to smarter, shorter and cheaper syntheses of potentially medically useful analogues of the prostaglandins. The team in Bristol should be very proud of their efforts – but I have to admit a little envy!

Paul Docherty is a science writer and blogger based in Reading, UK