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Caption : figure s1. chemical fingerprint of rhubarb. sample nos. 1-10 (s1-s10) were used to construct fingerprint. r stands for the reference chromatogram. 

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Caption : figure s2  ginger extract improves gut barrier integrity in antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) rats on 21th day. (a) alcian blue staining for detecting goblet cells numbers were shown in normal rats. (b) immunohistochemistry of muc2 protein located in colonic tissues was detected. (c) cell proliferation marker ki67 was detected by immunohistochemistry in colon sections. (d) immunoblot analysis for the protein level of zo-1 in colon tissue. the values represent the mean ± s.d. (n=5/group), and mod denotes the mean optical density of the areas of interest. original magnification: 200×. * and ** represent p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 versus con group, respectively. ^^ represents p < 0.01 versus mod group.

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Caption : figure s3  α-diversity analysis for the different bacterial communities microbial richness based on the simpson index (a), chao (b) and coverage index (c) of out level, respectively. the values are expressed as means ± s.d, n=5/group. *, ** and ** represent p < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.01 versus aad con group, respectively. ^ represents p < 0.05 versus mod group.

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Caption : figure s4  (a) relative abundances of phyla that showed significant differences among samples from the con, mod and geh groups. kruskal-wallis h test bar plot on phtlum level of proteobacteria and bacteroidetes (c). kruskal-wallis h test was used to evaluate the significance of differences between the indicated groups. **p < 0.01;***p < 0.001.

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Caption : figure s5  cladogram showing the phylogenetic distribution of the bacterial lineages from con, mod and geh groups (a). taxonomic representation of statistically and biologically consistent differences between con, mod and geh groups. differences are represented by the color of the most abundant class. the diameter of each circle is proportional to taxon abundance. circles indicate phylogenetic levels from phylum to genus. (b) indicator bacteria with lda scores of 3.5 or greater in bacterial communities.