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Caption : simulated angular dependence of the total absorptance (α_total) for the unoptimized baseline structure. the absorptance decreases gradually with increasing incident angle from 0° to 75°.

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Caption : spectral response of the unoptimized counterpart of the freehand drawing structure (square pillar, 0.25 × 0.25 × 0.15 µm; inset). the orange curve shows the absorptance a(λ) (right axis). the dashed blue curve is the am1.5g solar spectrum and the solid blue curve is the absorbed solar power density a(λ) × am1.5g(λ) (left axis). the am1.5g-weighted total absorptance is αtotal = 0.905 (90.5%).

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Caption : total absorptance (α_total) of the unoptimized square block structure as a function of edge angle (81–90°). the insets illustrate representative geometries at selected edge angles. this figure corresponds to the unoptimized counterpart of figure 12 in the main text.

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Caption : spectral absorptance and corresponding thermal emission of the unoptimized structure. the blue curve shows the absorptance a(λ) (left axis). the dashed brown curve indicates the blackbody radiation spectrum at 100 °c, while the solid brown curve represents the calculated emission of the device (right axis). this figure corresponds to the unoptimized counterpart of figure 13 in the main text.

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Caption : convergence behavior of the particle swarm optimization (pso). (a) the optimization rapidly converges within the first ~10 generations, starting from an initial αtotal = 90.5% and reaching a stable maximum of 95.0%. (b) extended run up to 1000 generations confirms that the solution remains stable without further improvement, indicating robust convergence of the pso process.

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Caption : structural evolution of the strip-combined absorber during pso optimization. the figure shows selected generations (generation = 0, 1, 4, 6, 7, and 12) together with their corresponding total solar absorptance values αtotal. the dimensions of the three strip-like elements (w1, w2, w3) are labeled in each panel. the results illustrate how the initially symmetric square-like configuration (αtotal =90.5%) progressively evolves toward an optimized structure with elongated central strip, leading to a higher absorptance of 95.0%.