File Name : figure. s1.tiff

Caption : fig. s1. the waveform of the air pressure applied to the pneumatic soft actuator in the cell culture. the air pressure ranged from 0 to 0.06 mpa, accuracy ±8% fs and 0.13 hz.

File Name : figure. s2.tiff

Caption : fig. s2. cellular tissues cultured by w/hg_m, w/pm_m, and w/o hg_m. the images show z-axis projections and three-dimensional shapes of immunostained cellular tissues after culturing for 6 h, acquired by a confocal microscope. the cell nucleus and cytoskeleton were immunostained with blue and green, respectively. all scale bars = 100 µm.

File Name : figure. s3.tiff

Caption : fig. s3. the simulated results of the model of the cells compressed in the pneumatic soft actuator with the hydrogel microwell after inflating the pneumatic soft actuator at 0.06 mpa and 0.13 hz. the sphere was assumed to be the cellular tissue after cell aggregation. (a) the stress distribution of the cellular tissue compressed by the mphgs at the bottom of the hydrogel microwell. the color legend in the image is represented logarithmically. (b) the flows induced by the mphgs around the bottom of the hydrogel microwell. the light blue arrows show the flows of the culture medium in the hydrogel microwell.