File Name : supplemental figure s3.png

Caption : figure s3.1. overview of tumor models used for mass transport studies. comparative schematic illustrating five commonly used tumor model types, arranged from left to right in increasing order of biological complexity and physiological relevance: 2d monolayer, 3d spheroid, 3d organoid, tumor-on-chip, and in vivo tumors. for tumor-on-chip (toc) systems, cross-sectional schematics highlight two frequently used configurations: sealed and openable chips, illustrating the spatial organization of tumor cells, fibroblasts, extracellular matrix, and surrounding culture medium. this overview emphasizes the trade-off between experimental controllability and in vivo relevance and provides contextual support for the positioning of toc platforms in transport-focused studies.